Asthma

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What is an asthma attack?

When an asthmatic person comes into contact with irritants, particularly those that are likely to stimulate a reaction of the bronchial muscles such as pollen or smoke, it causes a narrowing of the smallest tubes connected to the lungs, the bronchioles. Bronchioles are able to contract and expand when relaxed.

If the ring-like muscles of the bronchioles contract, they reduce airflow which means that air cannot get through. This happens during an attack, but the effects are worsened as inflammation of the inner lining of the bronchioles occurs, leading to excess mucous production and further obstruction.

An asthma treatment may prevent bronchioles from becoming inflamed and can help relax and widen the airways during an attack.

What are the causes?

Most people with the condition were born with a predisposition to develop it, although it is believed that there are various factors that could result in a person being more likely to develop asthma. Some research suggests that children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy are more prone to develop asthma. Other specialists think that a lack of exposure to irritants at an early age leads to intolerances later in life, while pollution has also been named as a factor.

What can trigger an attack?

An actual attack only occurs when you find it extremely difficult to breathe. In most cases, you may experience the symptoms of asthma without them actually causing an attack.

Asthmatic people tend to be sensitive to moulds, some types of foods, dust mites, chemicals, some viruses or bacteria, anti-inflammatory treatments not containing steroids, certain scents, pollutants or smoke. Strenuous exercise can also lead to an attack. However, many other factors could lead to an attack so it's important to know what these are and to avoid them where possible.

How will I know if I have it?

If you experience shortness of breath, wheezing, tightness of the chest or coughing with mucus after coming in contact with any of the above-mentioned stimulants, it might be worth visiting your doctor. Asthmatic people are also likely to experience these symptoms at night when they are sleeping, without actively coming in to contact with a particular irritant. Even if your symptoms are mild, getting treatment to avert a potentially more serious attack could be lifesaving.

If you think you have asthma, then visit your doctor who will be able to carry out a number of tests for the condition. These include spirometry, a peak expiratory flow rate test and a airway responsiveness test. All tests are aimed at determining how well your lungs are functioning. A treatment will be recommended on this basis.